In 1956 Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan identified that in human, in nucleus (diploid cell) have 46 chrommosomes arranged in 23 pairs of equivalent chromosomes: 22 autosomes and one pair of sex chromosome. In tisues of eggs and sperms there are only 23 chromosomes (haploid cell). Offsprings receive 23 chromosomes from the mother through egg cells and 23 chromosomes from the father, through sperm cells. The combination of egg and sperm has sustained the number of 46 chromosomes in normal cell. The set of chromosomes is sustained and inheritly handed down through generations.
There are many methods used to identify human individual as recognition with fingerprint, recognition of genetic factors, qualitative and quantitative protein database (blood group identification, identification of some factors in serum, identification of a number of enzyms) however these methods identified with low validity. It was not until the end of the 20th century, particularly the 80s and 90s, could criminological scientists apply DNA- Technology to indetification of criminals. In 1984 Alec Jeffreys and colleagues at Leicester University (UK), when studying the DNA coding of heamoglobin in human blood, came to detect the sequences of nitratebases which were repeated a number of times with the length of repepitition of 10-15 base pairs, of which these repetitions are referred to as minisattelites.
He also defferenciated the two segments and used them as probe to detect what Jeffreys called hypervariable regions in different genetic factors. This has been considered as a great turning point in development of criminology in general and biological criminology in particular.
Minisattelites are detected in every cell and in different positions in human genetic system. It is notable that the number of repetition segments is different in different individuals. Alec Jeffreys regarded this as a very important point to differenciate individuals. It was here when Genetical identification for judiciary purposes came into being.
The advent of genetical identification could not only overcome the limitations of serum methods but also uncover the previous impact court cases – where DNA was the only evidence. The superiority of genetical identification is to trace individuals, to identify blood relationship between fathers and children, and identification of dead remains… At the beginning, genetical identification was referred to as DNA-”fingerprinting”, but later, so as to eliminate misunderstanding between fingerprinting and genetical identification, it was proposed by NRC that it should be referred to as DNA-profiling.
In October, 1990, the Human Genome Project-HGP was officially begun. On February 12th , 2001, HGP and Celera announced the full sequences of human genetic system – a very important event in the development of molecular biology in general and in the study of human genetics in particular. According to this proclaimnation, there are 35.000 genes in the set of human genes, where tens of genes are used to identify blood relationship and individual tracing.
By using the kit Identifiler, Identifiler Plus and Identifiler Direct, with synchronous machines produced by ABI – the US, we have analyzed 16 locus (gen) of ADN particles on different chromosomes; these locus are typical and high-resolution mapping of Vietnamese. As result, if analytic result of 16 locus reveal both giving and reception, it is possible to give a conclusion whether two certain persons have blood relationship with an extremely high probability (99.9999…%).
